Szukana fraza: [Abstract = "This paper presents a numerical analysis of the relationship between in\-plane constraints and the crack tip opening displacement \(CTOD\) for single\-edge notched bend \(SEN\(B\)\) specimens under predominantly plane strain conditions. It provides details of the numerical model and discusses the influence of external load and in\-plane constraints on the CTOD. The work also reviews methods for determining the CTOD."]
