<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="https://www.zbc.uz.zgora.pl/repozytorium/style/common/xsl/oai-style.xsl"?>
<OAI-PMH xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" 
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/
         http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/OAI-PMH.xsd">
	<responseDate>2026-06-28T05:04:23Z</responseDate>
	<request identifier="oai:zbc.uz.zgora.pl:82998" metadataPrefix="oai_dc" verb="GetRecord">
	https://zbc.uz.zgora.pl/repozytorium/oai-pmh-repository.xml</request>
	<GetRecord>
	
  <record>
	<header>
		<identifier>oai:zbc.uz.zgora.pl:82998</identifier>
	    <datestamp>2025-02-12T11:31:50Z</datestamp>
		  <setSpec>DigitalLibraryZielonaGora</setSpec> 	      <setSpec>DigitalLibraryZielonaGora:Repository</setSpec> 	      <setSpec>DigitalLibraryZielonaGora:Repository:Faculties</setSpec> 	      <setSpec>DigitalLibraryZielonaGora:Repository:Faculties:FacultyHumanities</setSpec> 	      <setSpec>DigitalLibraryZielonaGora:Repository:TypesWork</setSpec> 	      <setSpec>DigitalLibraryZielonaGora:Repository:TypesWork:Articles</setSpec> 	      <setSpec>DigitalLibraryZielonaGora:Repository:ListJurnals:InGremium</setSpec> 	      <setSpec>DigitalLibraryZielonaGora:Repository:ListJurnals</setSpec> 	    </header>
		<metadata>
	<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
<dc:title xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[Roads, travelling and communication in the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth in the 18th century. Russian and West European visitors` perspective = Drogi, podróżowanie i funkcjonowanie poczty w Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów w XVIII w. Z perspektywy przybyszy z Rosji i państw Europy zachodniej]]></dc:title>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Ciesielski, Tomasz]]></dc:creator>
<dc:subject xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[the Eighteenth Century]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[roads]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[travelling]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[communication]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[post]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[travels]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[Russian visitors in Poland and Lithuania]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[visitors from countries of western Europe in Poland and Lithuania]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[droga]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[podróżowanie]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[komunikacja]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[poczta]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[podróżnicy]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[Rosjanie w Polsce i na Litwie]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[przybysze z zachodniej Europy w Polsce i na Litwie]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[18 w.]]></dc:subject>
<dc:description xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[The article presents the technical condition of roads, waterways, bridges, levees and other engineering structures in Poland based on accounts of visitors from Russia and other foreign countries. It discusses land and water means of transport were discussed along with the quality of service offered by Polish and Lithuanian inns which were valued very poorly by all foreigners. In the 18th century, travelling and communication in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was a truly fascinating issue.]]></dc:description>
<dc:description xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[Both Russian and West European visitors saw the country as full of paradoxes, andencountered many obstacles during their journeys. The dramatically bad condition of roads, terrible inns, and poverty of the peasants contrasted with the ostentatious lavishness of travelling Polish and Lithuanian aristocrats. However, the roads were surprisingly safe and the postal service was extraordinarily efficient and swift even during wartime, going beyond contemporary standards by means of ensuring confidentiality of sent documents.]]></dc:description>
<dc:description xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[In the 18th century, thanks to the expansion of the system of postal station, travelling around Poland and Lithuania became not only more comfortable, but also much faster. It was possible to make 60-100 km per day. However, transport of goods or marching the army was very troublesome, as then the average pace was approx. 10, max. 15 km per day.]]></dc:description>
<dc:publisher><![CDATA[Zielona Góra: Oficyna Wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego]]></dc:publisher>
<dc:contributor><![CDATA[Gillmeister, Andrzej - red.]]></dc:contributor>
<dc:date><![CDATA[2020]]></dc:date>
<dc:type xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[artykuł]]></dc:type>
<dc:format xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[application/pdf]]></dc:format>
<dc:identifier><![CDATA[http://www.zbc.uz.zgora.pl/repozytorium/Content/82998/6_ciesielski_roads.pdf]]></dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier><![CDATA[https://zbc.uz.zgora.pl/repozytorium/dlibra/publication/92352/edition/82998/content]]></dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier><![CDATA[oai:zbc.uz.zgora.pl:82998]]></dc:identifier>
<dc:source xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[In Gremium : studia nad historią, kulturą i polityką, tom 14]]></dc:source>
<dc:language><![CDATA[eng]]></dc:language>
<dc:relation><![CDATA[oai:zbc.uz.zgora.pl:publication:92352]]></dc:relation>
<dc:rights xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[Biblioteka Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego]]></dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>

</metadata>
	  </record>	</GetRecord>
</OAI-PMH>
