TY - GEN A1 - Belzyt, Leszek A2 - Skobelski, Robert (1968- ) - red. PB - Zielona Góra: Oficyna Wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego N2 - In the 18th, but even more in the 19th and 20th century, the Industrial Revolution initiated a massive and historically unrivaled rearrangement of cultural landscapes in the highly developed European countries, i.e. in England, France, and Germany, to just name the most relevant ones. This European example was then followed by other countries in North America and - much later - in South America and Asia. N2 - This economical process led ? in several stages ? to surges of migration and a concomitant urbanization of a growing number of areas, leading to further changes in the cultural landscapes. In the early 19th century, Lower Lusatia was still a calm region shaped by agriculture. The biggest towns of that region did not yet surpass the mark of 6.000 inhabitants (Cottbus, Guben, Sorau). In the second half of the century, the region experienced an intensive industrialization. Numerous small and medium-sized businesses were founded in the cities, the textile industry emerging as the most important sector. N2 - In the countryside, several surface mines were opened that initiated the most tremendous landscape changes. Lignite surface mining was the industrial sector that caused - and is causing to this day ? the most comprehensive landscape destruction, generally in some distance from existing towns. In the course of these processes, thousands of workers moved into the industrial centers. In Lower Lusatia, the population increased considerably in the town Cottbus as well as in the two districts of Calau and Spremberg, where lignite mining expanded in a particularly intensive way. N2 - The other concomitant process was the Polish immigration from Greater Poland, Pomeralia and Upper Silesia into the western Prussian provinces at the turn of the 20th century. The extent of this process was surprisingly vast: altogether, more than a million people of Polish descent migrated toward the West. N2 - The Prussian language statistics (Preusische Sprachenstatistik), and more specifically the statistics of elementary schools from 1886 to 1911, provide essential data and evidence for that, even though the statistical data are not always reliable since the Prussian authorities sought to prove the idea of progressing Germanness with the help of this data. Nonetheless, the general trend of a large number of Polish speakers in these areas clearly shows in the statistics. N2 - In Lower Lusatia, we can also observe an increasingly growing number of Polish settlers (workers) until WWI. It is plausible to assume that a majority of them settled down permanently, especially in the districts Calau and Spremberg, as they immigrated together with their families. The percentage of Polish speaking pupils in elementary schools in the district Calau was 9,4% in 1911, and 3% in the district Spremberg. Before the outbreak of WWI, the total number of the Polish population was most likely about 10.000 (10%) in the Calau district and about 1400 (4%) in the district Spremberg. L1 - http://www.zbc.uz.zgora.pl/Content/45818/PDF/8_belzyt_drang.pdf L2 - http://www.zbc.uz.zgora.pl/Content/45818 KW - Dolne Łużyce KW - Drang nach Westen KW - migracje KW - industrializacja KW - Lower Lusatia KW - migrations KW - industrialisation T1 - "Drang nach Westen". Rozwój przemysłowy Dolnych Łużyc a napływ ludności polskiej na przełomie XIX i XX wieku = "Drang nach westen". Thrust toward the west. The industrial development in Lower Lusatia and the surge in Polish immigration at the turn of the 20th century UR - http://www.zbc.uz.zgora.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=45818 ER -